c++程序设计基础实验2

1218xzw / 2025-01-20 / 原文

任务1:

测试代码:

task1.cpp

#pragma once
#include <string>
// 类T: 声明
class T {
// 对象属性、方法
public:
T(int x = 0, int y = 0); // 普通构造函数
T(const T &t); // 复制构造函数
T(T &&t); // 移动构造函数
~T(); // 析构函数
t.cpp
void adjust(int ratio); // 按系数成倍调整数据
void display() const; // 以(m1, m2)形式显示T类对象信息
private:
int m1, m2;
// 类属性、方法
public:
static int get_cnt(); // 显示当前T类对象总数
public:
static const std::string doc; // 类T的描述信息
static const int max_cnt; // 类T对象上限
private:
static int cnt; // 当前T类对象数目
// 类T友元函数声明
friend void func();
};
// 普通函数声明
void func();
t.cpp
#include "t.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
void test();
int main() {
test();
cout << "\nmain: \n";
cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl;
}
test.cpp
void test() {
cout << "test class T: \n";
cout << "T info: " << T::doc << endl;
cout << "T objects'max count: " << T::max_cnt << endl;
cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl << endl;
T t1;
cout << "t1 = "; t1.display(); cout << endl;
T t2(3, 4);
cout << "t2 = "; t2.display(); cout << endl;
T t3(t2);
t3.adjust(2);
cout << "t3 = "; t3.display(); cout << endl;
T t4(std::move(t2));
cout << "t3 = "; t4.display(); cout << endl;
cout << "T objects'current count: " << T::get_cnt() << endl;
func();
}

问题1:

  去掉后不能正常编译运行,报错信息截图如下:

 可能的原因是:虽然在类中声明了func()函数是类T的友元函数,但这仅仅是阐述了二者之间的关系,如果在类外不去声明func()函数,则相当于该函数没有被声明,函数的声明和定义部分并不完整,则函数无法被调用。

问题2:

  1. 默认构造函数:不带参数,用于初始化对象的默认状态。对象在栈上或动态分配时自动调用。

  2. 参数化构造函数:接受参数以初始化对象的特定状态。在通过参数创建对象时调用,例如 T obj(42);

  3. 拷贝构造函数:用于通过已有对象创建新对象,通常用于深拷贝。在对象作为参数传递(非引用)、从对象返回或赋值时调用。

  4. 移动构造函数(C++11 及之后):用于将资源从临时对象转移到新对象,提高效率。当对象被移动时调用。

析构函数用于释放对象的资源和执行清理工作。它在对象生命周期结束时自动调用。

问题3:
不能够实现,报错信息截图如下:

 

因为static修饰的静态变量在头文件中只能声明,不能够定义。如果在头文件中定义可能会导致多重定义错误。

任务2:

代码:

头文件Complex.h:

#pragma once 
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <cmath>

using namespace std;

class Complex {
    friend Complex add(const Complex &, const Complex &);
    friend bool is_equal(const Complex &, const Complex &);
    friend bool is_not_equal(const Complex &, const Complex &);
    friend double abs(const Complex &);
    friend void output(const Complex &);
public:
    Complex(double real = 0.0, double image = 0.0) : real_{real}, image_{image} {};
    Complex(const Complex &other) : real_{other.real_}, image_{other.image_} {};
    double get_real() const;
    double get_image() const;
    Complex add(Complex &other);
    static string doc;
    double real_;
    double image_;
    
}; 

Complex类定义文件Complex.cpp:

#include <iostream>
#include "Complex.h"


double Complex::get_real() const {
    return real_;
}

double Complex::get_image() const {
    return image_;
}

Complex Complex::add(Complex &other) {
    Complex::real_+=other.real_;
    Complex::image_+=other.image_;
}

Complex add(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2) {
    return Complex(c1.real_ + c2.real_, c1.image_ + c2.image_);
}

bool is_equal(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2) {
    return c1.real_ == c2.real_ && c1.image_ == c2.image_;
}

bool is_not_equal(const Complex &c1, const Complex &c2) {
    return !is_equal(c1, c2);
}

double abs(const Complex &c) {
    return sqrt(c.real_ * c.real_ + c.image_ * c.image_);
}

void output(const Complex &c){
	if(c.image_>=0)
	  cout<<c.real_<<"+"<<c.image_<<"i"<<endl;
	else
	  cout<<c.real_<<c.image_<<"i"<<endl;
}
std::string Complex::doc = "a simplified Complex class"; 

测试文件test.cpp:

// 待补足(多文件组织代码时,需要包含的头文件)
#include <iostream>
#include "Complex.h"
using namespace std;
void test() {
    cout << "类成员测试: " << endl;
    cout << Complex::doc << endl;

    cout << endl;

    cout << "Complex对象测试: " << endl;
    Complex c1;
    Complex c2(3, -4);
    const Complex c3(3.5);
    Complex c4(c3);

    cout << "c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;
    cout << "c2 = "; output(c2); cout << endl;
    cout << "c3 = "; output(c3); cout << endl;
    cout << "c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;
    cout << "c4.real = " << c4.get_real() << ", c4.imag = " << c4.get_image() << endl;

    cout << endl;

    cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl;
    cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;
    c1.add(c2);
    cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = "; output(c1); cout << endl;
    cout << boolalpha;
    cout << "c1 == c2 : " << is_equal(c1, c2) << endl;
    cout << "c1 != c3 : " << is_not_equal(c1, c3) << endl;
    c4 = add(c2, c3);
    cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = "; output(c4); cout << endl;
}

int main() {
    test();
} 

 运行结果截图:

 

 

 

任务3:

源代码:

#include <iostream>
#include <complex>
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::boolalpha;
using std::complex;
void test() {
cout << "标准库模板类comple测试: " << endl;
complex<double> c1;
complex<double> c2(3, -4);
const complex<double> c3(3.5);
complex<double> c4(c3);
cout << "c1 = " << c1 << endl;
cout << "c2 = " << c2 << endl;
cout << "c3 = " << c3 << endl;
cout << "c4 = " << c4 << endl;
cout << "c4.real = " << c4.real() << ", c4.imag = " << c4.imag() <<
endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "复数运算测试: " << endl;
cout << "abs(c2) = " << abs(c2) << endl;
c1 += c2;
cout << "c1 += c2, c1 = " << c1 << endl;
cout << boolalpha;
cout << "c1 == c2 : " << (c1 == c2) << endl;
cout << "c1 != c3 : " << (c1 != c3) << endl;
c4 = c2 + c3;
cout << "c4 = c2 + c3, c4 = " << c4 << endl;
}
int main() {
test();
}

 问题思考:

 该段代码使用了标准库complex类的哪些接口:

         构造函数(默认、带参数、拷贝构造)

         成员函数(real() 和 imag()

         全局函数(abs()

         运算符重载(+===!=+

         这些接口共同实现了对复数的创建、运算、比较及获取属性的功能。

对比任务2:
  思考1:在标准库的complex类中,复数的输出附带了()括号和逗号,使复数的输出变得更加明了,同时也不需要像自定义Complex类通过cout输出流来访问Complex类中的类成员real_,image_,然后再人为加上+,—号来输出复数,可以直接输出complex类的对象来输出复数。在复数的运算时,利用标准库complex类的函数,省去了赋值等步骤,减少了测试文件的代码数量。

  思考2:标准库的complex类应该重载了构造函数,可以初始化不同数据类型的complex类,然后将complex类的输入和输出都加上了括号和逗号。使得在测试文件中加减和是否相等等验证代码变得更加简洁。

 任务4:

源代码:

Fraction.h:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using namespace std;

class Fraction {
    friend void output(const Fraction &);
    friend Fraction sub(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2);
    friend Fraction mul(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2);
    friend Fraction add(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2);
    friend Fraction div(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2);
    
public:
    Fraction(int up, int down=1) : Up{up}, Down{down} {
        simplify();
    }
    Fraction(const Fraction &other) : Up{other.Up}, Down{other.Down} {}

    int get_up() const { return Up; }
    int get_down() const { return Down; }
    Fraction negative() const { return Fraction(-Up, Down); }
    static string doc;
private:
    int Up;
    int Down;
    void simplify();
};

Fraction.cpp:

#include <iostream>
#include "Fraction.h"
using namespace std;

string Fraction::doc = "Fraction类 v 0.01版. \n目前仅支持分数对象的构造、输出、加/减/乘/除运算。";

int gcd(int a, int b) {
    while (b != 0) {
        int temp = b;
        b = a % b;
        a = temp;
    }
    return a;
}

void Fraction::simplify() {
    if (Up == 0) { 
        Down = 1; 
        return;
    }

    if (Down < 0) {
        Down = -Down;
        Up = -Up;
    }

    int divisor = gcd(abs(Up), abs(Down));
    Up /= divisor;
    Down /= divisor;
}

void output(const Fraction &f) {
	if(f.Down!=1){
		std::cout << f.get_up() << "/" << f.get_down() << endl;
	}
	else{
		std::cout << f.get_up() << endl;
	}
}

Fraction add(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2) {
    return Fraction(f1.get_up() * f2.get_down() + f2.get_up() * f1.get_down(),
                    f1.get_down() * f2.get_down());
}

Fraction sub(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2) {
    return add(f1, f2.negative());
}

Fraction mul(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2) {
    return Fraction(f1.get_up() * f2.get_up(), f1.get_down() * f2.get_down());
}

Fraction div(const Fraction &f1, const Fraction &f2) {
    if (f2.get_up() == 0) {
        cout << "除数不能为零" << endl;
        system("pause");
    }
    return mul(f1, Fraction(f2.get_down(), f2.get_up()));
}

task4.cpp:

#include "Fraction.h"
#include <iostream>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;


void test1() {
    cout << "Fraction类测试: " << endl;
    cout << Fraction::doc << endl << endl;

    Fraction f1(5);
    Fraction f2(3, -4), f3(-18, 12);
    Fraction f4(f3);
    cout << "f1 = "; output(f1); cout << endl;
    cout << "f2 = "; output(f2); cout << endl;
    cout << "f3 = "; output(f3); cout << endl;
    cout << "f4 = "; output(f4); cout << endl;

    Fraction f5(f4.negative());
    cout << "f5 = "; output(f5); cout << endl;
    cout << "f5.get_up() = " << f5.get_up() << ", f5.get_down() = " << f5.get_down() << endl;

    cout << "f1 + f2 = "; output(add(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f1 - f2 = "; output(sub(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f1 * f2 = "; output(mul(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f1 / f2 = "; output(div(f1, f2)); cout << endl;
    cout << "f4 + f5 = "; output(add(f4, f5)); cout << endl;
}

void test2() {
    Fraction f6(42, 55), f7(0, 3);
    cout << "f6 = "; output(f6); cout << endl;
    cout << "f7 = "; output(f7); cout << endl;
    cout << "f6 / f7 = "; output(div(f6, f7)); cout << endl;
}

int main() {
    cout << "测试1: Fraction类基础功能测试\n";
    test1();

    cout << "\n测试2: 分母为0测试: \n";
    test2();
}

 

运行结果截图:

 

 

任务5:
源代码:

account.h:

#ifndef __ACCOUNT_H__
#define __ACCOUNT_H__


class SavingsAccount{
	private:
	   int id;
	   double balance;
	   double rate;
	   int lastDate;
	   double accumulation;
	   static double total;
	   void record(int date,double amount);
	   double accumulate(int date)const{
	      return accumulation+balance*(date-lastDate);
	   }
	public:
		SavingsAccount(int date,int id,double rate);
		int getId()const{return id;}
		double getBalance()const{return balance;}
		double getRate()const{return rate;}
		static double getTotal(){return total;}
		void deposit(int date,double amount);
		void withdraw(int date,double amount);
		void settle(int date);
		void show()const;
};
#endif//__ACCOUNT_H__

account.cpp:

#include"account.h"
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
double SavingsAccount::total=0;
SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(int date,int id,double rate):id(id),balance(0),rate(rate),lastDate(date),accumulation(0){
	cout<<date<<"\t#"<<id<<"is created"<<endl;
}
void SavingsAccount::record(int date,double amount){
	accumulation=accumulate(date);
	lastDate=date;
	amount=floor(amount*100+0.5)/100;
	balance+=amount;
	total+=amount;
	cout<<date<<"\t#"<<id<<"\t"<<amount<<"\t"<<balance<<endl;
}
void SavingsAccount::deposit(int date,double amount){
	record(date,amount);
}
void SavingsAccount::withdraw(int date,double amount){
	if(amount>getBalance())
	  cout<<"Error:not enough money"<<endl;
	else 
	  record(date,-amount);
}
void SavingsAccount::settle(int date){
	double interest=accumulate(date)*rate/365;
	if(interest!=0)
	  record(date,interest);
	accumulation=0;
}
void SavingsAccount::show()const{
   cout<<"#"<<id<<"\tBalance:"<<balance;
}

task5.cpp

#include"account.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
	SavingsAccount sa0(1,21325302,0.015);
	SavingsAccount sa1(1,58320212,0.015);
	sa0.deposit(5,5000);
	sa1.deposit(25,10000);
	sa0.deposit(45,5500);
	sa1.withdraw(60,4000);
	sa0.settle(90);
	sa1.settle(90);
	sa0.show();cout<<endl;
	sa1.show();cout<<endl;
	cout<<"Total:"<<SavingsAccount::getTotal()<<endl;
	return 0;
}

  

运行结果截图:

 改进建议:

  1. 数据成员的访问控制

    • 缺点:虽然 idbalancerate, 和 lastDate 是私有的,但可能需要更多的保护措施,尤其是 balance 和 accumulation
    • 改进:可以考虑引入友元函数或其他安全机制,以确保对这些字段的访问受到限制。
  2. 日期处理

    • 缺点:使用 int 来表示日期不是最理想的,因为日期的处理可能会引入复杂性,例如跨月和跨年问题。
    • 改进:可以考虑使用标准库中的日期类型,例如 std::chrono 或自定义日期类来更好地管理日期。
  3. 累积利息的计算

    • 缺点:accumulate 函数和 settle 函数的关系不够明确。每次调用 settle 时,可能需要更新 accumulation 和 lastDate,而目前的设计中没有清晰地表现出这一点。
    • 改进:在 settle 函数中明确更新 accumulation 和 lastDate 的逻辑,使其更清晰。
  4. 异常处理

    • 缺点:deposit 和 withdraw 函数没有处理负数存款或取款超出余额的情况。
    • 改进:可以引入异常处理机制,抛出异常或返回错误代码,以增强程序的健壮性。
  5. 静态成员的管理

    • 缺点:static double total 用于跟踪所有账户的总余额,但没有线程安全的机制,可能在多线程环境中引发问题。
    • 改进:可以考虑使用互斥量(mutex)来保护对 total 的访问。
  6. 接口的灵活性

    • 缺点:当前的接口较为固定,扩展性有限。
    • 改进:可以考虑使用策略模式或模板方法模式,以便更灵活地处理不同的存款和取款策略。
  7. 缺少拷贝构造函数和赋值运算符

    • 缺点:如果需要拷贝 SavingsAccount 对象,编译器生成的默认拷贝构造函数和赋值运算符可能不足以满足需求。
    • 改进:可以实现自定义的拷贝构造函数和赋值运算符,以控制对象的拷贝行为。
  8. 缺少接口文档

    • 缺点:缺乏详细的文档和注释,使得类的使用和维护变得困难。
    • 改进:可以添加函数的详细注释和使用示例,提升代码可读性和可维护性。